Verwundbar ist, wer zu uns gehört
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Stephan Lessenich
Im Ausnahmezustand macht der Begriff der „Vulnerablen“ Karriere – in einem sehr nationalistischen Sinn. Und selbst in dem kommen die herablassend so genannten „sozial Schwachen“ kaum vor.
Krisenzeiten sind Zeiten des Wandels in der Alltagssprache. Was vor Jahren noch der „Rettungsschirm“ oder die „Balkanroute“ waren, sind heute der „Lockdown“ und die „Reproduktionszahl“. Im Zeichen von „Covid-19“ – mittlerweile schon im Eilverfahren in das Oxford English Dictionary aufgenommen – macht nun ein Begriff die Runde, der tief blicken lässt. In die Abgründe individueller Lebensschicksale wie auch in jene der aktuellen Gesellschaftspolitik.
„Vulnerabilität“ ist spätestens seit der ersten großen Pressekonferenz von Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel zur Corona-Pandemie heißer Kandidat auf das Fremdwort des Jahres. Die Rede von den „vulnerablen“, „besonders vulnerablen“, gar „vulnerabelsten“ Gruppen gehört seither zum Grundwortschatz des politischen Krisenmanagements. Da schlägt das Soziologenherz erst einmal höher, erkennt es darin doch einen Zentralbegriff der feministischen Sozialtheorie. Namentlich im Denken Judith Butlers wird gegen das liberale Zerrbild von der individuellen Autonomie die Verwundbarkeit als Grundbedingung menschlichen Lebens in Anschlag gebracht. Ist die deutsche Sozialpolitik dank Corona feministisch geläutert, denkt sie neuerdings von den fundamentalen Abhängigkeiten des Menschen als sozial eingebundenem Wesen her?
Bei genauerer Betrachtung aber bestätigt die regierungsamtliche Politik mit der „Vulnerabilität“ Butlers theoretische Konzeption auf eine andere Weise. Diese sieht nämlich in der Anerkennung oder Nichtanerkennung der Verletzlichkeit von Sozialgruppen und Subjektpositionen ein wesentliches Moment gesellschaftlicher Herrschaftsverhältnisse. Und genau dieser Zusammenhang offenbart sich nun in Zeiten des Virus.
Die politische Bestimmung der „Verletzlichen“ folgt in ihrer Selektivität erklärtermaßen epidemiologischen Kriterien. Als „vulnerabel“ gelten demnach chronisch kranke, insbesondere aber alte Menschen. Was dem medizinischen Laien zunächst als wohlbegründet erscheint, macht freilich auf den zweiten Blick stutzig: Müssten dann nicht eigentlich die Menschen in den Flüchtlingslagern an der europäischen Peripherie ganz vorne rangieren auf der sozialpolitischen Prioritätenskala? Jene Menschen, deren Lebensbedingungen – wie Vieh auf engstem Raum zusammengepfercht, mit unterirdischen Hygienestandards und fehlender Gesundheitsversorgung konfrontiert – das Schreckensbild jedes Staatsvirologen sein müssten. Jene Menschen, bei denen die so gefürchtete „Triage“ (noch so ein Krisengewinnlerbegriff) längst an der Tagesordnung und im Prinzip auch bereits entschieden ist – in dem Sinne nämlich, dass sie im Zweifel medizinisch nicht behandelt und also sterben gelassen werden.
Mit den „Vulnerablen“ des deutschen Diskurses sind also faktisch nur „unsere“ Verwundbaren gemeint. Was ganz im Sinne des Deutschen Ethikrats ist, dem es in seiner eilig formulierten Handreichung zur Krise – als sei die soziale Tatsache der Globalisierung gesellschaftlicher Verhältnisse dem Expertengremium fremd – allein um ethische Dilemmata daheim zu tun war.
Selbst in diesem nationalfixierten Rahmen aber werden sozialpolitisch klare Hierarchisierungen vorgenommen, denn die gerne wohltätig-herablassend so genannten „sozial schwachen“ Gruppen kommen in der Corona-Politik nicht vor. So weit ist es mit der neuen Verwundbarkeitsdoktrin dann also doch nicht her, dass beispielsweise Hartz-IV-Empfänger-Haushalte oder aber Wohnungslose als Risikogruppen mit besonderem Schutzbedarf gelten würden.
Stattdessen hingegen „die Alten“. Dies wiederum ist bemerkenswert, weil diese im öffentlichen Diskurs bis vor Kurzem vor allem als eines galten: als jung. Die deutsche Demografiepolitik kannte zuletzt kaum ein prominenteres Thema als die „Potenziale“ eines als durchweg gesund und mobil, aktiv und leistungsfähig, kurzum erstaunlich vital gezeichneten Alters. Eine äußerst seltsam anmutende Homogenisierung einer Lebensphase, die durch große Unterschiede in Einkommen oder Wohnverhältnissen, aber eben auch in Gesundheit und Lebenserwartung gekennzeichnet ist. Aber immerhin eine Homogenisierung im Positiven – freilich in der Absicht, alte Menschen als bislang weitgehend ungenutzte Produktivkraft ins gesellschaftliche Spiel zu bringen.
Und nun also die Homogenisierung unter umgekehrtem Vorzeichen, die Negativstereotypisierung des Alters als verletzlich – natürlich in bester Absicht. Aus den „Golden Agers“ mit ihren angeblich durchweg großzügigen Rentenansprüchen und ihrer vermeintlich klassenübergreifenden Genussgier sind urplötzlich hinfällige Schutzbedürftige geworden, die verschreckt in ihrer Wohnung sitzend auf die Einkaufshilfe ihrer Nachbarn warten und nur einen Mundschutz vom so gut wie sicheren virusbedingten Ableben entfernt sind. Ehe sie es sich versehen, könnten sie demnächst kollektiv in die soziale Isolation verbannt werden, selbstverständlich nur zu ihrem Selbstschutz und der Einfachheit halber ab einem sozialadministrativ willkürlich festgelegten Lebensalter.
Womöglich ist die in diesen Wochen scheinbar unaufhaltsam voranschreitende Coronifizierung des Politischen neben allem anderen – der verallgemeinerten Akzeptanz von Bürgerrechtseinschränkungen, der evidenzbasierten Diskursherrschaft der Virologen, dem sicherheitsbedarfsgetriebenen Umfragehoch von Regierenden gleich welcher Couleur – also auch der Anfang einer Politik, die die Verletzlichsten ins Zentrum des Geschehens rückt. Womöglich aber nicht unbedingt zu deren Vorteil. So wie die zunehmende Prekarität von Beschäftigungsverhältnissen nicht mit dem Aufstieg eines handlungsfähigen Prekariats einhergegangen ist, wird sich auch das Vulnerabiliat wohl kaum zu einem wirkmächtigen politischen Akteur aufschwingen. Souverän ist heute, wer über den Verwundbarkeitszustand entscheidet. Und das sind nicht die Verletzlichen selbst.
Stephan Lessenich ist Professor für Politische Soziologie Sozialer Ungleichheit an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Der Beitrag wurde zuerst am 6. Mai in der Süddeutschen Zeitung veröffentlicht.
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